Biomechanical Comparison of T-Kick and Crescent Kick in Pencak Silat: A Narrative Literature Review

Abstract

Pencak Silat incorporates a diverse repertoire of kicking techniques, among which the T-kick and Crescent kick are frequently executed in competitive performance. Despite their technical importance, biomechanical evidence specific to Pencak Silat remains limited. This narrative review synthesizes current research to compare the kinematic, kinetic, and neuromuscular characteristics of the T-kick and Crescent kick and to evaluate their implications for performance and training. A structured literature search was conducted across Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2010 and 2025. The T-kick is characterized by a predominantly linear movement strategy, utilizing hip abduction, knee extension, and a substantial ground reaction force to generate a direct, penetrating impact. Conversely, the Crescent kick relies on angular momentum, large hip rotational ranges, and whip-like segmental sequencing to produce high distal velocity along a curved trajectory. The mechanical distinctions between the two techniques reflect different performance demands, tactical applications, and injury risk profiles. Based on these findings, the review presents evidence-based recommendations for technique-specific conditioning, including linear strength and stability training for the T-kick and rotational power, as well as dynamic flexibility and coordination training for the Crescent kick. Key research gaps have been identified, emphasizing the need for Silat-specific experimental studies that employ advanced tools such as 3D motion capture, force-plate analysis, electromyography, and high-speed videography. This review provides a foundational biomechanical framework for enhancing performance optimization, coaching strategies, and injury prevention in Pencak Silat athletes